substring() and substr() are used to extract a portion of a string and return a new string, while slice() and splice() are used to extract a portion of an array and return a new array or modify the original array, respectively.

In JavaScript, there are four methods that are commonly used to extract a portion of a string or an array: substring, substr, slice, and splice. While they may seem similar, they each have their own unique characteristics that set them apart from one another.

substring and substr

Both substring and substr are string methods used to extract a portion of a string, but they have different ways of achieving this.

substring

The substring method extracts a substring from a string and returns it as a new string. It takes two arguments: the starting index and the ending index.

  javascriptCopy codeconst str = 'hello world';

  const result1 = str.substring(2, 6);
  console.log(result1); // "llo "

  const result2 = str.substring(2);
  console.log(result2); // "llo world"

If only the starting index is provided, the substring method extracts the substring from the starting index to the end of the string.

substr

The substr method also extracts a substring from a string and returns it as a new string. However, instead of an ending index, substr takes the length of the substring as its second argument.

  javascriptCopy codeconst str = 'hello world';

  const result1 = str.substr(2, 4);
  console.log(result1); // "llo "

  const result2 = str.substr(2);
  console.log(result2); // "llo world"

If only the starting index is provided, the substr method extracts the substring from the starting index to the end of the string.

slice and splice

While substring and substr are string methods, slice and splice are array methods used to extract a portion of an array. They work differently than substring and substr.

slice

The slice method extracts a portion of an array and returns it as a new array. It takes two arguments: the starting index and the ending index.

  javascriptCopy codeconst arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

  const result1 = arr.slice(2, 4);
  console.log(result1); // [3, 4]

  const result2 = arr.slice(2);
  console.log(result2); // [3, 4, 5]

If only the starting index is provided, the slice method extracts the portion of the array from the starting index to the end of the array.

splice

The splice method also extracts a portion of an array, but it modifies the original array by removing or replacing elements. It takes at least two arguments: the starting index and the number of elements to remove. It can also take additional arguments to add new elements.

  javascriptCopy codeconst arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

  const result1 = arr.splice(2, 2);
  console.log(result1); // [3, 4]
  console.log(arr); // [1, 2, 5]

  const result2 = arr.splice(2, 0, 6, 7);
  console.log(result2); // []
  console.log(arr); // [1, 2, 6, 7, 5]

The splice method removes two elements starting from index 2 and returns them as an array. In the second example, it adds two new elements at index 2 and returns an